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Gramophone
GRAMOPHONE, the first phonographs appeared in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 1880s, shortly after they had been invented by T. Edison. At the beginning of the 1890s they were replaced by gramophone records and gramophones
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Gypsy Choruses (entry)
GYPSY CHORUSES, up to the early 20th century they were called "Moscow Gypsy Choruses" (that is, Russian) in contrast to Hungarian, Spanish, Crimean. Practically all soloists had stage names, their real names having been for the most part lost
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Head Magistrate
HEAD MAGISTRATE, the public institution of the highest rank. It was established in St. Petersburg on the decree of tsar Peter the Great in 1720 to function as the principal establishment in charge of city magistrates of other cities and towns. In St
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Head of the city administration
HEAD OF THE CITY ADMINISTRATION, the highest administrative and police rank in St. Petersburg. The post was introduced with the publication of the Regulations as of March 20, 1873 on St. Petersburg cessation from St
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Hermitage
HERMITAGE, State Museum (32-38 Dvortsovaya Embankment) is one of the biggest museums in the world, exhibiting art as well as cultural and historical objects. It consists of 5 inter-connected buildings: the Winter Palace, the Small Hermitage
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Horse-car
HORSE-CAR (horse-railway; horse-tram), a railway type of omnibus. In the second half of the 19th - early 20th century horse-cars were the most available passenger public transport means
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Housing and Communal Services (entry)
HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES. A branch of municipal services designed to meet citizens' domestic needs, unifying housing services with water, heat, gas, power supply and sewage infrastructure
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Housing Cooperatives
HOUSING COOPERATIVES (ZhSK). A form of participation in the construction of private apartments. Workers' rental dormitories (functioned in 1921-37) became the prototypes for housing cooperatives
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Housing Stock (resources)
HOUSING STOCK, residential houses and living quarters in other types of buildings. By 1917 the total area of housing stock in Petrograd amounted to circa 25 million square metres
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Ice House
ICE HOUSE, or ICE PALACE, was constructed in December 1739 - January 1740 (architect P.M. Eropkin, engineer G.V. Kraft) by the order of Empress Anna Ioannovna at the bank of the Neva, near the Winter Palace, to celebrate the mock wedding of prince M
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Inns (entry)
INNS. Establishments featuring apartments and rooms for lodgers, as well as dining halls (similar to modern hotels). In the early 18th century kharchevnies (taverns) were also called inns or traktirs (Avsteria, Krasny Kabachok)
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Ivanov-Razumnik R. V. (1878-1946), publicist, literary critic
IVANOV-RAZUMNIK (real name and family Razumnik Vasilievich Ivanov) (1878-1946) literary critic, sociologist, public and political figure. He came to St. Petersburg in the 1880s, studied at the First Petersburg gymnasium
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Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskoy Gorodskoy Dumy (News of St. Petersburg City Duma), newspaper
IZVESTIYA ST. PETERSBURGOY GORODSKOY DUMY (News of St. Petersburg City Duma) (from July 1914 Izvestiya of Petrogradskoy Gorodskoy Dumy), the Izvestiya newspaper was the publication of the City Duma
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Kollontay A.M. (1872-1952), revolutionary and statesman
KOLLONTAY (nee Domontovich) Alexandra Mikhailovna (1872, St Petersburg - 1952), Soviet party worker, diplomat, writer. In 1888, she passed all school examinations without having attended classes
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Kronstadt Sea-gauge
KRONSTADT SEA-GAUGE, a metal rod with marks for measuring the Baltic sea level. It was installed at the beginning of the 19th century on the abutment of the bridge across Obvodny (Provodnoy) Canal in Kronstadt
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Kropotkin P.A., (1842-1921), revolutionary, geographer and geologist
KROPOTKIN Peter Alexeevich (1842-1921), duke, ideologist of anarchism, sociologist, historian, geographer, and geologist. A member of the ancient family of dukes deriving lineage from the Rurikid Dynasty
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Kuchumov A.M. (1912-1993), museum worker
KUCHUMOV Anatoly Mikhailovich (1912-1993, town of Pushkin), museum worker, art historian, honoured culture worker of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1975), honorary citizen of the town of Pavlovsk (1992)
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Levinson-Lessing V.F. (1893-1972, Leningrad), museum worker
LEVINSON-LESSING Vladimir Franzevich (1893-1972, Leningrad), museum worker, art historian, professor (1940). The son of F.Y. Levinson-Lessing. Studied at Forestry School and Tenishevsky School
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Lunacharsky A.V. (1875-1933), revolutionary, statesman
LUNACHARSKY Anatoly Vasilievich (1875-1933), Soviet statesman and party figure, playwright, literary critic, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1930)
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Magistrate courts
MAGISTRATE COURTS, the lower echelon of the judiciary system introduced in the course of Judiciary reform of 1864 (see also District court). Magistrate courts were in charge of civil and minor criminal cases. The territory of St
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Masquerades
MASQUERADES, masquerade balls. A sort of a carnival where people wear masks. In Russia masquerades were put into practice by Tsar Peter the Great in the early 18th century (the larks of Drunkumenical Council
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Mayor
MAYOR, the elected head of the municipal government bodies in the second half of the 18th - early 20th centuries. The position was founded in 1766, mayor was elected for 2 years from landowners over 30 years old
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Menageries (entry)
MENAGERIES. 1) In the beginning of the 18th century - hunting areas in the appendages of tsar's property. In 1718 a menagerie like that was established in Sarskaya farmstead (see Tsarskoe Selo)
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Municipal Reform of 1870
MUNICIPAL REFORM OF 1870, reorganisation of local power structures as part of the Great Reforms of the 1860s-70s. According to City Regulations approved on 16 June 1870, an All-Estate City Duma was established with two executive bodies
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Museums (general article)
MUSEUMS. Russia's first public museums appeared in St. Petersburg. In 1702 Peter the Great issued first orders on collecting and exhibiting high-quality models and various rarities
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Music Hall
MUSIC HALL (in Russian Muzik-kholl, based on a transliteration of the English). The first attempts to establish a Music Hall in St. Petersburg date back to 1913
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Nakhimov Navy School
NAKHIMOV NAVY SCHOOL (before 1991, the Leningrad Nakhimov Navy School), at 2-4 Petrogradskaya Embankment, is a specialised men's boarding secondary school named after Admiral P.S. Nakhimov (1802-1855)
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Nevsky Society for Public Amusements Arrangement
NEVSKY SOCIETY FOR PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS ARRANGEMENT, a non-governmental organisation instituted on 9 September1891 by a group of Nevsky Zastava manufacturers. The society was preceded by an intellectuals' coterie headed by manufacturer V.P
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Newspapers (entry)
NEWSPAPERS, russian gazeta from Italian gazzetta - small coin. The first periodical, that appeared in St. Petersburg was the Vedomosti (11 May 1711; previously it was published in Moscow; until 1719 in St. Petersburg and Moscow; from 1719 only in St
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Noble Assembly
NOBLE ASSEMBLY, public club establishment, originating from the so-called Merchants Assembly that was founded in 1782 by a group consisting mainly of German merchants who had resigned from the Burger Club (Petty Bourgeois Assembly, or Schuster Club)
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