The subject index
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Siege of 1941-44
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Admiralty
ADMIRALTY, in the 18-19 centuries - a place for the building and repairing of warships, provided with all the necessary equipment (dockyards, ship-ways, slipways, storehouses, workshops, etc.). In St
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Air-Raid Shelters of 1941-44
AIR-RAID SHELTERS. Specially equipped structures protecting the city's population against enemy bombardment and air raids. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, Leningrad had few air-raid shelters, which were intended primarily for Party
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Akhmatova A.A. (1889-1966), poet
AKHMATOVA Anna Andreevna (nee Gorenko) (1889-1966), poet, Honorary Doctor of Oxford University (1965). She spent her childhood (until 1905) in Tsarskoe Selo (the corner of Shirokaya Street and Bezymyanny Lane
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Alexander Column
ALEXANDER COLUMN (Alexandriisky Pillar), a monument to the victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812 standing on Palace Square. It was named in honour of Emperor Alexander I. It was constructed in 1830-1834 (architect A.A. Montferrand)
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Angliiskaya Embankment
ANGLIISKAYA EMBANKMENT, from 1738 - Beregovaya Nizhnaya Embankment Street, in the mid-to-late 18th century - Isaakievskaya Embankment, Galernaya Embankment, and Anglinskaya Embankment, from 1800s - Angliiskaya Embankment
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Anti-aircraft balloons
ANTI-AIRCRAFT BALOONS, unmanned aerial vehicles, hydrogen-filled canvas spheres, used as antiaircraft defence in June-November 1941 and from February 1942. The balloons were launched during an air raid, reaching as high as 100-250 m
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Artillery Bombardments of 1941-44
ARTILLERY BOMBARDMENTS OF 1941-44, conducted by long-range German artillery in order to destroy Leningrad's industrial and military facilities, and to spread panic among its population during the siege of 1941-1944
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Baltic Shipping Company
BALTIC SHIPPING COMPANY (BSC). The history of BSC (5 Mezhevoy Canal) goes back to the foundation of St. Petersburg-Lubeck Shipping Society in 1830; its present-day name was given in 1922. By 1941 BSC had 20 ships
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Baths (entry)
BATHS. The first baths in St. Petersburg were built near rivers and other reservoirs, separate from residential houses. About 30 so-called commercial baths were constructed by 1720. Construction was paid for by the Treasury
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Battle for Leningrad, 1941-44
BATTLE FOR LENINGRAD, military operations defending Leningrad against German and Finnish troops in 1941-44 during the Great Patriotic War. The battle started on 10 July 1941, when German troops approached the line of the rivers Narva, Luga
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Belekhov N.N. (1904-1956), architect
BELEKHOV Nikolay Nikolaevich (1904-1956, Leningrad), civil engineer, architect. Graduated from the Department of Architecture of the College of Public Engineering (1933)
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Bolshoy Gostiny Dvor
BOLSHOY GOSTINY DVOR (35 Nevsky Prospect), the largest commercial enterprise of St. Petersburg. The first plan for a Gostiny Dvor (effectively, a large scale trading market) on Nevsky Prospect was developed in the late 1750s by the architect A
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Bombings of 1941-44
BOMBINGS OF 1941-44. Raids by the German Luftwaffe against Leningrad, meant to destroy industrial, military and civilian targets during the Siege of 1941-44. The first air raid on the city occurred on 23 June 1941; in the period from 6 September
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Breweries
BREWERIES, intensively developing enterprises, making up a significant share of St. Petersburg industry. It was in the early 18th century that Peter the Great decreed to open breweries in St. Petersburg for the needs of the fleet and hospitals
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Bridges (entry)
BRIDGES, an integral part of the urban planning structure and architectural appearance of St. Petersburg. In 2002, the city numbered 342 bridges of various kinds and types; in Kronstadt: 5 bridges, Pushkin: 54 bridges, Petrodvorets: 51 bridges
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Cemeteries (entry)
CEMETERIES. Even before the foundation of St. Petersburg there were several necropolises on the location of the future city: the records of the beginning of the 18th century indicate a Finnish-Swedish cemetery at Elagin (Aptekarsky) Island
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Commemorative badge To the Residents of Besieged Leningrad
TO THE RESIDENTS OF BESIEGED LENINGRAD, a commemorative medal, instituted by the Executive Committee of the Leningrad Soviet of 23 January 1989. The decoration was conferred upon those people who lived in Leningrad during the siege of 1941-44 for
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Composers, The Union of
COMPOSERS, The Union of, St. Petersburg Department, a professional and creative association. It was established in 1932. By 1940, established composers such as B. V. Asafyev, V. M. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, A. P. Gladkovsky, V. M. Deshevov, A. F
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Confectioneries (entry)
CONFECTIONERIES. Mass production of confections began in St. Petersburg in the middle of the 19th century. In 1914 there were 20 confectioneries producing both traditional Russian delicacies (spice-cakes, pastila
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Dachnoe
DACHNOE, an area in the south-west part of St. Petersburg, between Krasnenkaya River, Baltiiskaya Railway Line, Stachek Avenue and Alexandrino Forest Park. In the north, it borders Avtovo, in the south-west Ulyanka
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Deportations, ethnic
DEPORTATIONS, ETHNIC were mass forced exiles of certain ethnic groups by the Soviet Government in the 1930-40s. The expulsion of 100 families of German colonists from Prigorodny District of Leningrad Region occurred during collectivization on 20
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Electrical Power Supply
ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY. Prototype electrical torches in St. Petersburg were lit in 1873 on Odesskaya Street. Twelve electrical torches designed by P.N. Yablochkov were installed in 1879 for the lighting of Liteiny Bridge
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Eliasberg K.I., (1907-1978), conductor
ELIASBERG Karl Ilyich (1907-1978, Leningrad), conductor, Honoured Worker of Art of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1944). In 1929 he graduated from Leningrad Conservatory where he majored in violin performance
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Evacuation of 1941-43
EVACUATION OF 1941-43. The relocation of people, equipment and capital from Leningrad during the Siege, conducted according to regulations set by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (of Bolsheviks) and the Soviet of People's
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Famine of 1941-42
FAMINE of 1941-42, one of the most tragic events in the history of St. Petersburg. The famine occurred during the Siege of 1941-44. Leningrad did not have enough food reserves before the war, and had for some time been supplied from outside the city
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Fighting Pencil, Society
FIGHTING PENCIL, association of artists and poets in Leningrad that published lithographic propaganda posters and books of satirical drawings. Started their activities during the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40
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Filonov P.N., (1883-1941), artist
FILONOV Pavel Nikolaevich (1883-1941, Leningrad), painter and graphic artist. From 1896 he was living in St. Petersburg, where he studied painting at the Drawing School of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts (1896-1901), L.E
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Food Ration Norms
FOOD RATION NORMS fixed on 18 July 1941, at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, together with the introduction of ration cards. Sale norms were standardised for bread, grains, pasta, meat and meat products, fish, oil
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General Staff Building
GENERAL STAFF BUILDING (6-10 Dvortsovaya Embankment), architectural monument in the Empire style, in commemoration of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the campaigns of 1813-14 against Emperor Napoleon I
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Ginzburg L.Y. (1902-1990), Historian of Literature
GINZBURG Lidia Yakovlevna (1902-1990, Leningrad), literary critic, prose writer, Ph.D. in Philosophy (1950). Ginzburg graduated from the Department of Philology of the Institute of Art History in 1926. She took seminars with Y. N. Tynyanov and B. M
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