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2nd Strike Army
2ND STRIKE ARMY, an armed forces unit of the USSR. Formed in December 1941 along the Volkhov Front for offensive action, to break through the Siege of Leningrad. In January – July 1942, during the Lyuban Offensive, it was encircled and defeated
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8th Army
8th ARMY. An armed forces unit of the USSR. Formed in October 1939 as a part of the Leningrad Air Defence Force. On 22 June 1941, it was located on the frontier along the Neman River, and included the 10th and 11th Infantry corps
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23rd Army
23RD ARMY. Formed in May 1941 in Leningrad, consisting of the 19th and 50th Infantry corps, the 10th Mechanics Corps, the 27th and 28th Regional reinforcements and other units and detachments
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42nd Army
42ND ARMY. An armed forces unit of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. Formed in August 1941 on the Leningrad Front. Comprised of the 2nd and 3rd Guards divisions of the People's Volunteer Militia, the 6th Marine Brigade
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55th Army
55TH ARMY. An armed forces unit of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. Formed in late August 1941 on the Leningrad Front to defend enemy approaches to Leningrad from the south (in the regions of Pavlovsk, Kolpino
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Air Corps Aerodrome
AIR CORPS AERODROME, set up in 1910 in the south part of St. Petersburg, between Baltiiskaya and Varshavskaya Railway Lines, in the area of the present Blagodatnaya Street and Pobedy Street
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Air Defence (PVO)
AIR DEFENCE (PVO), a series of measures and units to protect the city from air raids. Not long after the USSR Air Defence System was created in the 1930s, the Leningrad Air Defence Force was formed
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Air-Raid Shelters of 1941-44
AIR-RAID SHELTERS. Specially equipped structures protecting the city's population against enemy bombardment and air raids. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, Leningrad had few air-raid shelters, which were intended primarily for Party
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Alexander Military Law Academy
ALEXANDER MILITARY LAW ACADEMY (AMLA), advanced military educational institution. It prepared officers for military court department. It was founded in 1866, as part of classes for officers at the Auditing School (created in 1832)
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Alexey Petrovich, Tsesarevitch (1690-1718)
ALEXEY PETROVICH (1690-1718, St. Petersburg), Tsarevich, heir to the throne, eldest son of Tsar Peter I and his first wife E.F. Lopukhina, father of Emperor Peter II. Received home education
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Anna Ioanovna, Empress (1693-1740)
ANNA IOANNOVNA (1693-1740, St. Petersburg), Empress (from 1730). The daughter of Tsar Ivan V, niece of Tsar Peter the Great. In 1710, she married Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Courland, and within two months she was widowed
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Anna Leopoldovna, (1718-1746), "regent"
ANNA LEOPOLDOVNA (1718-1746), granddaughter of Tsar Ivan V, grand-niece of Emperor Peter the Great, mother of Emperor Ivan VI. Nee as Elisabeth Catharina Christine, Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
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Anti-aircraft balloons
ANTI-AIRCRAFT BALOONS, unmanned aerial vehicles, hydrogen-filled canvas spheres, used as antiaircraft defence in June-November 1941 and from February 1942. The balloons were launched during an air raid, reaching as high as 100-250 m
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Apraksin P.M. (1659-1728), statesman
APRAKSIN Peter Matveevich (1659-1728), count (from 1710), statesman, acting secret councillor (1725), brother of F.M. Apraksin. In 1698-1708, he was a Novgorod Voevode (military commander)
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Army Medical Museum
ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation situated at 2 Lazaretny Lane. It was founded in Moscow in 1942 and transferred to Leningrad (St
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Arsenals (general article)
ARSENALS, establishments for storing and repairing weapons and ammunition, as well as buildings meant for such use. The first arsenals in St. Petersburg (Zeughaus) were built in 1703-05 in St Peter and Paul Fortress and the Admiralty Fortress
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Artillery and Engineer Schools of the 18th Century (entry)
ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING SCHOOLS OF THE 18TH CENTURY were the military educational institutions for artillery and engineer officers. The Engineering School was founded in 1719
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Artillery Bombardments of 1941-44
ARTILLERY BOMBARDMENTS OF 1941-44, conducted by long-range German artillery in order to destroy Leningrad's industrial and military facilities, and to spread panic among its population during the siege of 1941-1944
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Assignment of Recruits
ASSIGNMENT OF RECRUITS, ceremony of assignment of recruits to guards regiments, introduced by emperor Nicholas I, was held annually 4-6 times during autumn in the Mikhailovsky Manege (Riding Academy) personally by the Emperor or guards corps
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Battle for Leningrad, 1941-44
BATTLE FOR LENINGRAD, military operations defending Leningrad against German and Finnish troops in 1941-44 during the Great Patriotic War. The battle started on 10 July 1941, when German troops approached the line of the rivers Narva, Luga
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Betskoy I.I. (1704-1795), statesman and teacher
BETSKOY (Betsky) Ivan Ivanovich (1703 or 1704-1795, St. Petersburg), statesman and public figure, actual privy counsellor (1766). He was the illegitimate son of General Field Marshal Prince I.Y. Trubetskoy
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Billets
BILLETS, system of quartering of troops in private households. In St. Petersburg billeting was practised from the very foundation of the city until 1906, resorted to due to an absence or lack of barracks
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Biron E.-I. (1690-1772), statesman
BIRON (Buhren) Ernst Johann (1690-1772), Count and Chief Chamberlain (from 1730), Duke of Courland and Semigalia (from 1737), regent of infant Emperor Ivan VI (from 23.10.1740)
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Blackout
BLACKOUT. Intentional power cuts throughout the city at night during times of war in an effort to prevent aerial attacks. The blackout system was introduced in Leningrad in December 1939, and lasted till March 1940
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Bombings of 1941-44
BOMBINGS OF 1941-44. Raids by the German Luftwaffe against Leningrad, meant to destroy industrial, military and civilian targets during the Siege of 1941-44. The first air raid on the city occurred on 23 June 1941; in the period from 6 September
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Breaking of the Siege (1943)
BREAKING OF THE SIEGE 1943, 12 - 30 January, an offensive operation, code named "Iskra" (Sparkle), along the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts by Baltic Fleet forces in the region of the Schlisselburg-Sinyavino heights
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Bruce R.V. (1668-1720), commandant o Peter and Paul Fortress
BRUCE Roman Villimovich (1668-1720, St. Petersburg), statesman and military officer, Lieutenant General (1718?). Son of a Scottish emigrant, brother of Y. V. Bruce
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Cadet Corps (entry)
CADET CORPS were military educational secondary boarding schools. Until 1917, they were aimed mainly at the nobility. The education began in cadet corps from the ages of 10-12 (in the 1770s-90s, from 5-8), and lasted seven to fifteen years
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Capital
CAPITAL. St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia from the 1710s until 10-11 March 1918. The city's status as capital came quite spontaneously, and was mostly due to Tsar Peter the Great's having settled there
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Catherine I (1684-1727), Empress
CATHERINE I (nee Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727, St. Petersburg), Empress (crowned in 1721), the second wife of Tsar Peter the Great (from 1712), mother of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. After the death of her husband (1725) she was enthroned by A.D
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