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Arctic and Antarctic, Museum of the
ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC, Museum of the, located at 24а Marata Street. It is the only museum in Russia and the biggest museum in the world devoted to natural environment of the polar regions of the Earth
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Arefyev А.D. (1931-1978), painter
AREFYEV Alexander Dmitrievich (1931-1978), painter. Lived in Leningrad from his childhood, he studied in a secondary drawing school in 1942-49, expelled from the ninth grade for formalism, studied at the Medical Institute in 1950-53
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Army Medical Academy
ARMY MEDICAL ACADEMY situated at 6 Akademika Lebedeva Street, an educational institution providing training for army doctors. A unique scientific and medical centre
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Arsenalnaya Embankment
ARSENALNAYA EMBANKMENT on the right bank of the Neva River between Arsenalnaya Street and Akademika Lebedeva Street. It was so named in 1887 after Novy Arsenal Plant (today, Arsenal Joint-Stock Company situated in house 1)
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Arsenals (general article)
ARSENALS, establishments for storing and repairing weapons and ammunition, as well as buildings meant for such use. The first arsenals in St. Petersburg (Zeughaus) were built in 1703-05 in St Peter and Paul Fortress and the Admiralty Fortress
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Art Nouveau
ART NOUVEAU (from the French for "new art"), the style in architecture and art of the late19th - early 20th centuries. In St. Petersburg, it developed from the end of 1890s through to the early 1910s
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Artillery Bombardments of 1941-44
ARTILLERY BOMBARDMENTS OF 1941-44, conducted by long-range German artillery in order to destroy Leningrad's industrial and military facilities, and to spread panic among its population during the siege of 1941-1944
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Assembly of Nobility
ASSEMBLY OF NOBILITY, St. Petersburg provincial corporate social class organisation of St. Petersburg Province nobility, founded on the basis of the Charter of Nobility dated 21 April 1785; its aim was to ensure class unity and rights of nobility
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Assembly of Russian Factory and Plant Workers of St. Petersburg
ASSEMBLY OF RUSSIAN FACTORY AND PLANT WORKERS OF ST. PETERSBURG, one of the first legal mass organizations of workers in Russia. Established on the basis of the Community of Mutual Help of Workers in Mechanized Industry (1902-03) it was one of the
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Astoria Hotel
ASTORIA HOTEL (39 Bolshaya Morskaya Street). The six-story building, featuring elements of the Art Nouveau and Neoclassical styles, was constructed in 1911-12 (architect F.I. Lidval, engineer N.P. Kozlov, engineer-architect K.G. Eylers)
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Aurora, cruiser
AURORA first rank cruiser was founded in 1897 at the New Admiralty dockyard, and became part of the Baltic Fleet in 1903. It weighed over 6,700 tons (in 1917 - 7
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Azovsko-Donskoy Commercial Bank
AZOVSKO-DONSKOY BANK, a joint-stock commercial bank opened in Taganrog in 1871 for financing trade and granting loans. Its share capital amounted to 5 million roubles in 1871; it became the largest bank in the country by the mid-1890s and one of the
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Babolovsky Park (Pushkin town)
BABOLOVSKY PARK (Pushkin town), a monument of landscape architecture situated in the southwestern part of Pushkin town is a part of Tsarskoe Selo palace park ensemble. Its area consists of 268,8 hectares
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Babushkin I. V. (1873-1906), revolutionary
BABUSHKIN Ivan Vasilievich (1873-1906), a revolutionary worker. He lived in St. Petersburg from 1883, working as a chore boy at a mixed shop, an apprentice at a torpedo workshop in Kronstadt Port (today
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Ballet Theatre (Boris Eifman)
BALLET THEATRE was founded under the guidance of Boris Eifman under the auspices of Lenconcert in 1977. At different times it had different names: the New Ballet, The Leningrad Ballet Ensemble, and the Leningrad Theatre of Modern Ballet
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Balls
BALLS, evening parties with dances, one of the entertainments of high society in St. Petersburg from the 18th - the early 20th centuries. Balls originated from assemblies, where, according to Tsar Peter the Great's order, minuet, allemande, courante
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Baltic Fleet
BALTIC FLEET, consolidation of the naval forces of Russia - USSR - Russian Federation, based on the Baltic Sea. Built up by Tsar Peter I during the Northern War of 1700-21
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Baltic House Festival Theatre
BALTIC HOUSE FESTIVAL THEATRE (4 Alexandrovsky Park) was established in 1936 by the Red Theatre Union and the Theatre of the Working Youth (TRAM) as the Memorial Lenin Komsomol Theatre
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Baltic Shipyard and Machine-Building Plant
BALTIC SHIPYARD AND MACHINE-BUILDING PLANT (16 Kosaya Line), open joint-stock company, one of the biggest ship and machine building enterprises of Russia. It was founded in 1856 by M. E. Karr, a merchant and M. L. McPherson, an engineer
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Baltiysky Railway Station
BALTIYSKY RAILWAY STATION (120 Obvodny Canal Embankment). The station was built in 1853 after a railway between St. Petersburg and Peterhof was completed, and was originally called Peterhofsky Railway Station. Architect A.I
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Balyberdin V.S., (1949-1994), mountaineer
BALYBERDIN VLADIMIR SERGEEVICH (1949-1994), mountaineer, Merited Master of Sports of the USSR (1982). He was the first Russian mountaineer to climb Mount Everest (3-9.5.1982), a К-2 peak (Pakistan)
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Bank Buildings (entry)
BANK BUILDINGS, public buildings designed for housing finance and credit institutions. The first special bank buildings were the Assignation Bank building at Sadovaya Street (1783-90, architect G
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Bankovsky Bridge
BANKOVSKY BRIDGE, spanning Griboedov Canal, by the building of the former Assignation Bank (hence the name). Built in 1825-26 (engineer V.K. Tretter) as a chain footbridge with four cast iron griffin figures (sculptor P.P. Sokolov)
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Banks (entry)
BANKS, credit system institutions. St. Petersburg has been the central element of the system from the time it came into being through 1917. The first banks in Russia were founded on the initiative of the state and financed from the treasury
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Baratynsky E.A. (1800-1844), poet
BARATYNSKY Evgeny Abramovich (1800-1844), poet. In 1812-16 he was educated in the Page Corps. In 1816 he was expelled for misbehaviour (a theft) without the right to serve and went to Smolenskaya Province. In 1818 he returned to St
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Barclay de Tolli M.B. (1757-1818), military commander, Field Marshal-General
BARCLAY DE TOLLI Mikhail Bogdanovt (Michael Andreas) (1757-1818), prince (1815), military leader and field marshal general (1814). From 1776 served with the Russian Army, took part in wars against Turkey (1787-91) and Sweden (1788-90 and 1808-09)
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Bare-knuckle Boxing
BARE-KNUCKLE BOXING, an old Russian popular amusement, grew out of combat technique practised by Old Russian unmounted warriors. Bare-knuckle boxing took place on holidays only, and usually several people took part in it
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Baroque
BAROQUE, an artistic style. Its forms are closely related to the art of late antiquity and Renaissance (it applies to order elements, elaborately combined with such ornamental motifs as draped atlantes' torsos or leaves of acanthus)
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Basin House
BASIN HOUSE (5 Ostrovsky Square), architectural monument of the Neo-Byzantine style, apartment house of N.P. Basin (built by his plans in 1878-79). The house facades with windows of varied patterns and featuring so-called “polotentsa” (towels)
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Baths (entry)
BATHS. The first baths in St. Petersburg were built near rivers and other reservoirs, separate from residential houses. About 30 so-called commercial baths were constructed by 1720. Construction was paid for by the Treasury
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