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Entries / Russian Academy of Sciences

Russian Academy of Sciences


Categories / Science. Education/Science and Planning Institutions

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, the highest scientific institution in Russia. It was founded in St. Petersburg after Emperor Peter the Great's project for the academy was approved by the Senate on 28 January 1724. It was renamed as the Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts under the charter of 1847, Imperial Academy of Sciences under the charter of 1803, Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1803, Russian Academy of Sciences from May 1917 to 1925, Academy of Sciences of the USSR between 1925 and 1991, and again Russian Academy of Sciences since 1991. The Academy of Sciences was officially opened in St. Petersburg on 27 December 1725 and initially divided into three classes or departments: the first class included mathematics, astronomy, geography, and navigation, the second class - physics, anatomy, chemistry, and botany, and the third class - rhetoric, antiquities, history, and law. The staff comprised of 11 professors and several assistants. The Academy of Sciences had a library, Kunstkammer Museum, observatory, physics laboratory, chemical laboratory founded by M. V. Lomonosov in 1748, dissecting room, art classes, workshops, and Academic Printing House in the 18th century. Attached to the academy, the Academic University and Academic Gymnasium were established. The regulations of the academy were approved in 1747 with L. L. Blumentrost appointed the first President. Among the first members of the academy were mathematician J. Hermann, astronomer J. N. Delisle, and physiologist and mathematician D. Bernulli who came to Russia from Europe. Lomonosov became the first Russian member of the academy. The academy remained focused on physics, mathematics, and natural sciences in the mid-18th century, which were greatly developed by Lomonosov, Delisle, l. Euler, S. P. Krasheninnikov, I. I. Lepekhin, G. F. Miller, et al. Major contributions of that period included Russian research expeditions and the Atlas of Russia, a collection of astronomic and mathematics-based maps prepared by the academy. The academy published nonfiction, popular scientific literature, and belles-lettres and maintained close contact with foreign research centres. The role of the academy changed after a network of universities and scientific societies were established in the late 18th century and the early 19th century, becoming an organisation which was only engaged in research work. A new charter of 1803 determined its status as the leading scientific institution of the country, comprising of departments of physics and mathematics and a department of history and philology, the Academic University and Academic Gymnasium no longer ceased to exist. Under the charter of 1836, the academy's research work was closely connected with the needs of developing industry. A major contribution to the development of science was made by Count S. S. Uvarov, the Minister of Public Education and President of the Academy of Sciences, in the first half of the 19th century. Largely supported by the state, the academy was actively engaged in developing new schools. The structure of the academy reached its final form in 1841 to include a Department of Russian Language and Literature. Among the scientists working at the academy by the mid-19th century were mathematicians M. V. Ostogradsky and P. L. Chebyshev, physicists E. H. Lenz and B. S. Jacoby, chemists N. N. Zinin and A. M. Butlerov, astronomers V. Y. Struve and F. A. Bredikhin, biologists K. M. Ber and A. O. Kovalevsky, philologist A. H. Vostokov, literary scholar A. N. Veselovsky, and historian S. M. Solovyev with I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov, et al. receiving honorary membership. Many Russian scientists specialised in various fields took a prominent place in science in the mid-to-late 19th century. Botanist K. A. Timiryazev, physicist P. N. Lebedev, mathematicians A. N. Korkin and S. V. Kovalevskaya, et al. became famous world-wide. There were 47 members of the academy elected in 1856-90. A class of polite literature was established in 1899 with A. P. Chekhov, Leo Tolstoy, and V. V. Stasov among the honorary members in this class. The academy was joined by a number of scientific institutions in the 19th century to the early 20th century such as the Asiatic Museum in 1818, Botanical Museum in 1823, Egyptian Museum in 1825, Zoological and Zootomical Museum in 1832, Ethnographic Museum in 1836, Main Astronomical Observatory in 1839, Physiological Laboratory in 1864, Plant Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory in 1889, Pushkin House in 1905, and Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces of Russia in 1915. The academy's Demidov Prize and Uvarov Prize were of great prestige among scientists. Among other prizes established by the academy in the second half of the 19th century were the Lomonosov Prize, Pushkin Prize, Ber Prize, Brandt Prize, Bunyakovsky Prize, Gelmersen Prize, Mitropolitan Makary Prize, and Count D. A. Tolstoy Prize. The academy took an active part in various international scientific societies. It joined the International Union of Academies in 1900 and held the union's convention in St. Petersburg in 1913. The union was disbanded after the beginning of World War I. After the October of 1917, a number of new institutes were established and attached to the academy including the Institute of Physics and Mathematics in 1921, Radium Institute in 1922, Chemical Institute in 1924, Physiological Institute in 1925,and Soil Institute in 1925. The academy took part in developing and implementing the Russian Electrification Plan known as GOELRO and studied natural resources in Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, Kola Peninsula, etc. A new charter was approved in 1927 based on the idea that scientists of the academy would be involved in practical research. Under the totalitarian regime, however, state and party authorities put more and more pressure on the academy, thus, negatively affecting the work of scientists and scientific institutions. The commission established by the Soviet of People's Commissars in 1927 attacked the academy heavily, especially its liberal departments. The academy held new membership elections under heavy pressure from the Soviet government and party authorities in 1929, which resulted in electing a number of the so-called Marxist scientists. The academy was then purged. The Joint State Political Directorate of People's Commissariat of Home Affairs fabricated a number of cases against workers and members of the academy with the Academic Case as the largest and most odious among them. Some members of the academy including S. A. Zhebelev and S. F. Platonov were persecuted in the press. Hundreds of academy workers were subject to repression. Although the Presidium and many institutes of the academy were transferred to Moscow in 1934, Leningrad continued developing as a major academic centre with a number of institutes such as Physics and Technical Institute, Botanical Institute, and Zoological Institute and scientific societies such as the Geographical Society, Mineralogical Society, and Botanical Society. Among full members of the academy working in Leningrad were physicists A. F. Ioffe and V. A. Fok, chemists S. V. Lebedev and V. G. Khlopin, biologists N. I. Vavilov, L. A. Orbeli, and A. A. Ukhtomsky, historian E. V. Tarle, orientalists I. A. Orbeli and V. V. Struve, et al. There were 33 academic institutions in Leningrad by the late 1940-early 1941 including the archives and library. They carried on their activities during the siege of 1941-44. The network of academic institutions grew steadily from the late 1940s with the Grebenshchikov Institute of Silicate Chemistry and Institute of High-Molecular Compounds founded soon after the war, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry opened in 1956, Institute of Cytology opened in 1957, Institute of Nuclear Physics opened in Gatchina in 1971, Institute of Information Technology and Automation opened in 1978, Euler International Mathematical Institute and Institute of Applied Astronomy opened in 1988, and the Institute of the Human Brain was opened in 1990. The Interagency Coordination Council of the Academy of Sciences was established in Leningrad in 1979 to coordinate research work. The council was reorganised into the Leningrad Scientific Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1983 and renamed as St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Following one after another, A. P. Komar, A. A. Lebedev, M. P. Kostenko, B. E. Bykhovsky, V. M. Tuchkevich, and I. A. Glebov were appointed the commissioner of the local presidium of the academy from 1940 to the 1980s. Member of the Academy Zh. I. Alferov was elected the president of Leningrad Scientific Centre (today, St. Petersburg Scientific Centre) of the Academy of Sciences in 1989. State support sharply reduced in the first half of the 1990s, the academy underwent a severe crisis but managed to continue developing with the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Man and the Laboratory Complex for Hydrogeology of Nature-Saving Mining Technologies added to St. Petersburg scientific institutions in 1994 and the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Geoecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1996. The St. Petersburg Scientific Centre included over 70 institutions, organisations, and enterprises and 18 special departments of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2002. Initially, the academy was accommodated in P. P. Shafirov's house on Gorodskoy Island. In 1728, it moved to the Kunstkammer and the nearby Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovna's Palace on Vasilievsky Island where the Zoological Institute is situated today. A new building was erected for the academy by architect G. Quarenghi at 5 Universitetskaya Embankment in 1783-89, to become a monument of strict classicism and a link between the Spit of Vasilievsky Island and Universitetskaya Embankment. The building housed academic stores, a bookstore, and flats for its workers. The main facade of the three-storied rectangular building looks onto the Bolshaya Neva River. The ground floor is faced with granite. Lacking in decorative elements, the facade is enlivened with cornices and mouldings with a majestic eight-column Ionic portico in the centre. Impressive granite stairs lead to the main hall entrance on the second floor. The interiors of the conference hall were finished by sculptor K. Hoffert and artist F. Richter in the late 18th to early 19th century remained intact, as well as the interiors of the main staircase with M. V. Lomonosov's mosaic panel, Battle of Poltava, put at the stairhead in 1925. The academy's building includes a Museum Wing built by architects I. F. Luchini and D. E. Filippov at 1 Mendeleevskaya Line and 2 Tamozhenny Lane in 1826-31. The building now houses the St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

References: Пекарский П. П. История Императорской Академии наук в Петербурге: В 2 т. СПб., 1870-1873; История Академии наук СССР. М.; Л., 1958-1964. Т. 1-2; Копелевич Ю. Х. Основание Петербургской академии наук. Л., 1977; Петербургская Академия наук в истории академий мира: Материалы Междунар. конф.: В 4 т. СПб., 1999; Хартанович М. Ф. Ученое сословие России: Имп. Академия наук второй четверти XIX в. СПб., 1999; Летопись Российской Академии наук. СПб., 2000-2002. Т. 1-2.

M. F. Khartanovich, V. G. Isachenko (architecture outline).

Persons
Alferov Zhores Ivanovich
Ber Karl Maximovich
Bernully Daniil
Blumentrost Lavrenty Lavrentievich
Brandt Johann Friedrich (Fedor Fedorovich)
Bredikhin Fedor Alexandrovich
Bunyakovsky Viktor Yakovlevich
Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich
Bykhovsky Boris Evseevich
Chebyshev Pafnuty Lvovich
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich
Delisle Josephe Nicolas (Osip Nikolaevich)
Euler Leonhard
Filippov Dionisy Evgenievich
Fok Vladimir Alexandrovich
Gelmersen Grigory Petrovich
Glebov Igor Alexeevich
Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich
Grebenschikov Ilya Vasilievich
Hermann Jacob
Hoffert K.
Ioffe Abram Fedorovich
Jakoby Boris Semenovich (Moritz Herman)
Khlopin Vitaly Grigorievich
Komar A.P.
Korkin Alexander Nikolaevich
Kostenko Mikhail Polievktovich
Kovalevskaya Sofia Vasilievna
Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich
Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich
Lebedev Alexander Alexeevich
Lebedev Peter Nikolaevich
Lebedev Sergey Vasilievich
Lenz Emily Hristianovich
Lepekhin Ivan Ivanovich
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
Luchini Giovanni (Ivan Franzevich)
Makary, Metropolitan
Muller Gerard Friedrich
Orbeli Iosif Abgarovich
Orbeli Leon (Levon) Abgarovich
Ostrogradsky Mikhail Vasilievich
Peter I, Emperor
Platonov Sergey Fedorovich
Praskovya Fedorovna, Tsarina
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich
Quarenghi Giacomo
Richter Friedrich
Sechenov Ivan Mikhailovich
Shafirov Peter Pavlovich, Baron
Solovyev Sergey Mikhailovich
Stasov Vladimir Vasilievich
Struve Vasily Vasilievich
Struve Vasily Yakovlevich
Tarle Evgeny Viktorovich
Timiryazev Klimenty Arkadievich
Tolstoy Dmitry Andreevich, Count
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich, Count
Tuchkevich Vladimir Maximovich
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich
Ukhtomsky Alexey Alexeevich
Uvarov Sergey Semenovich
Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich
Veselovsky Alexander Nikolaevich
Vostokov Alexander Hristoforovich
Zhebelev Sergey Alexandrovich
Zinin Nikolay Nikolaevich

The subject Index
Senate
Russian Academy
Kunstkammer
Academic University
Academic Gymnasium
Academics' Case
Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ioffe Physics-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Botanical Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Geographical Society
Mineralogical Society
Sechenov Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Cell Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of
St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of RAS

Chronograph
1724
1794
1934


Mentioned in articles (334)

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Grech N.I. (1787-1867), writer, journalist

GRECH Nikolay Ivanovich (1787, St. Petersburg - 1867), journalist, publisher, writer, philologist, Privy Councillor (1843), corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1827)

Greigh S.K. (1735-1788),Admiral

GREIGH Samuil Karlovich (Samuel) (1735-1788), naval commander, Admiral (1782), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1783). A Scot, from 1764 served in the Russian army with the rank of captain

Grigorovich D.V. (1822-1899), writer

GRIGOROVICH Dmitry Vasilievich (1822-1899, St. Petersburg), prose writer, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1888). Studied in a private boarding schools of Moscow

Grot Y.K., (1812-1893), linguist

GROT Yakov Karlovich (1812 - 1893, St. Petersburg), philologist, historian, Full Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1855). Graduated from the Tsarskoselsky Lyceum in 1832. Professor at the Alexandrovsky Lyceum (1853-62)

Ignatiev P.N. governor-general in 1854-61

IGNATIEV Pavel Nikolaevich (1797-1879, St. Petersburg), count (1877), statesman, infantry general (1859), adjutant-general (1846), honorary member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1856)

Inostrantsev A.A., (1843-1919), geologist, archaeologist

INOSTRANTSEV Alexander Alexandrovich (1843, Farforovoe Village, close to St. Petersburg -1919, Petrograd), geologist, Corresponding Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1901) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917)

Ioffe A.F., (1880-1960), physicist

IOFFE Abram Fedorovich (1880-I960, Leningrad), physicist, organiser of science, Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1916), the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920)

Jacoby B.S., (1801-1874), physicist

JACOBY Boris Semenovich (Moritz Herman) (1801-1874), physicist and electrical engineer member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1847. A German emmigrant, he studied at Berlin and Hettingen universities. He lived and worked in St

Kachalov N.N., (1883-1961), chemist

KACHALOV Nikolay Nikolaevich (1883-1961), chemical process engineer, Associate of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1933), Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1935). Graduated from the St

Kalesnik S.V., (1901-1977), geographer

KALESNIK Stanislav Vikentievich (1901, St. Petersburg - 1977, Leningrad), geographer, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968). Graduated from the Leningrad State University (1929), of which he became a professor in 1939

Kankrin E.F. (1774-1845), statesman

KANKRIN Egor Frantsevich (Georg Ludwig Daniel) (1774-1845, Pavlovsk of the St. Petersburg Province), Count (1829), statesman and scientist, Infantry General (1828), Honorary Fellow of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1828)

Kantorovich L.V. (1912-1986), economist

KANTOROVICH Leonid Vitalievich (1912, St. Petersburg - 1986), mathematician and economist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1964. Graduated from Leningrad State University with a major in mathematics and mechanics in 1930

Kapitsa P.L., (1841-1984), physicist

KAPITSA Peter Leonidovich (1894, Kronstadt - 1984), physicist, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939), Hero of Socialist Labour (1945, 1974). Graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute (1918)

Karamzin N.M., (1766-1826), historian, writer

KARAMZIN Nikolay Mikhailovich (1766-1826, St. Petersburg), writer, critic, historian, honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1818). He studied in a Moscow Boarding School. In 1782-84 he served with the Guards in St. Petersburg

Kareev N.I. (1850-1931), historian

KAREEV Nikolay Ivanovich (1850-1931, Leningrad), historian, sociologist, corresponding member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1910), honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929)

Karpinsky A.P., (1846-1936), geologist

KARPINSKY Alexander Petrovich (1846/47-1936), geologist, Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1886), of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), and of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925)

Kerbedz S.V., (1810-1899), engineer

KERBEDZ Stanislav Valerianovich (1810-1899), engineer, Actual Privy Counsellor (1881), corresponding member (1851) and honorary member (1858) of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, honorary member of the Academy of Fine Arts (1850)

Khariton Y. B., (1904-1994), physicist

KHARITON Yuly Borisovich (1904, St. Petersburg - 1994), physicist and physical chemist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1953 and Hero of Socialist Labour in 1949, 1951, and 1954

Khlopin V.G., (1890-1950), radiochemist

KHLOPIN Vitaly Grigorievich (1890-1950, Leningrad), radiochemist, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1939. He graduated from Hettingen University and Petersburg University in 1911 and 1912, respectively

Khvolson О.D., (1852-1934), physicist

KHVOLSON Orest Danilovich (1852, St. Petersburg - 1934, Leningrad), a physicist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences from 1895, honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1920 and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from

Kiselev P.D. (1788-1872), statesman

KISELEV Pavel Dmitrievich (1788-1872), count (1839), statesman and military leader, Infantry General (1834), Adjutant General (1823), Honorary Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1855). The uncle of D. A. Milyutin and N. A. Milyutin

Kochubey V.P. (1768-1834), statesman

KOCHUBEY Viktor Pavlovich (1768-1834), Prince (1831), statesman, Chancellor for Internal Affairs (1834), Honorary Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1818). Maternal nephew of Prince A. A. Bezborodko, riding on his coattails

Komarov V.L., (1869-1945), botanist

KOMAROV Vladimir Leontyevich (1869, St. Petersburg - 1945), botanist and geographer, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920), Vice-President (1930-36) and President (1936-45) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Kondakov N.P. (1844-1925), archaeologist

KONDAKOV Nikodim Pavlovich (1844-1925), archaeologist, art historian, corresponding member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1892), member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898), full member of the Academy of Arts (1893)

Koni A.F. (1844-1927), lawyer, public figure

KONI Anatoly Fedorovich (1844, St Petersburg 1927, Leningrad), lawyer, statesman, man of letters, Actual Privy Counsellor (1910); Doctor of Law (1890), Honorary Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900)

Konovalov D.P., (1956-1929), chemist

KONOVALOV Dmitry Petrovich (1856-1929, Leningrad), chemist, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1923) and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925). Graduated from the St. Petersburg Mining Institute in 1878

Konstantin Konstantinovich, (1858-1915), Grand Prince

KONSTANTIN KONSTANTINOVICH (1858, Strelna - 1915, Pavlovsk), Grand Prince, Infantry General (1907), Adjutant General (1901), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900). Son of Grand Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich

Konstantin Nikolaevich (1827-1892), Grand Prince

KONSTANTIN NIKOLAEVICH (1827, St. Petersburg - 1892, Pavlovsk), Grand Prince, General Admiral (1831), Adjutant General (1852), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1844), member of the State Assembly (1850)

Korolenko V. G. (1853-1921), writer

KOROLENKO Vladimir Galaktionovich (1853-1921), prose writer, publicist, public figure, honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900; in 1902 along with Anton Chekhov laid down the title of academician in the protest against the

Kostenko M.P., (1889-1976), Electrical Engineer

KOSTENKO Mikhail Polievktovich (1889-1976, Leningrad), electrical engineer, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953), Hero of Socialist Labour (1969). He graduated from Petrograd Polytechnic Institute (1918), and later taught there

Kovalevskaya S.V., (1850-1891), mathematician

KOVALEVSKAYA Sofia Vasilievna (1850-1891), mathematician, writer. The first female mathematics professor in the world and the first female Associate of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1889). Came to St

Kovalevsky M.M., (1851-1916), historian, sociologist

KOVALEVSKY Maxim Maximovich (1851-1916, Petrograd), sociologist, lawyer, economist, political figure, Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1914). After graduating from the Faculty of Law of the University of Kharkov in 1872

Krachkovsky I.Y., (1883-1951), orientalist

KRACHKOVSKY Ignaty Yulianovich (1883-1951, Leningrad), orientalist, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1921) and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925). Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Languages of the University of St

Krasheninnikov S.P., (1711-1755), geographer

KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich (1713, according to the other data, 1711 - 1755, St. Petersburg), geographer, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1750)

Kravkov N.P., (1865-1924), pharmacologist

KRAVKOV Nikolay Pavlovich (1865-1924, Petrograd), one of the founders of Soviet pharmacology, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1920. He graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1888 and the Army Medical Academy in 1892

Krusenstern I.F. (1770-1846), navigator

KRUSENSTERN Ivan Fedorovich (1770-1846), navigator, corresponding member (1803), honorary member (1806) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Admiral. (1842). Graduated from the Naval Cadet School (1787)

Krylov A.N., (1863-1945), Mathematician, Naval Architect

KRYLOV Alexey Nikolaevich (1863-1945, Leningrad) was mathematician, naval architect, academician of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1916), of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925)

Krylov I. A. (1769-1844), writer, journalist

KRYLOV Ivan Andreevich (1769, according to other sources 1766 or 1768–1844, St. Petersburg), fabulist, playwright, journalist, full member of the Russian Academy, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841), honorary member of St

Kulibin I.P., (1735-1818), mechanic and inventor

KULIBIN Ivan Petrovich (1735-1818), self-taught mechanic and inventor. In 1764-67, he created a watch with a complicated mechanism in the shape of an egg. After presenting the watch to Empress Catherine II in 1769 (the watch is now part of the State

Kunstkammer

KUNSTKAMMER (from German "Kunstkammer" - "chambers of curiosities, museum") (3 Universitetskaya Embankment). The oldest museum in Russia, was founded in 1714 based on the private collections of Peter the Great

Kurchatov I.V., (1902-1960), physicist

KURCHATOV Igor Vasilievich (1903-1960), physicist, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Studied at the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1921

Kutorga M.S., (1809-1886), historian

KUTORGA Mikhail Semenovich (1809-1886), Classicist, Associate of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1848). Came to St. Petersburg in 1813. In 1832, he graduated from the Professorial Institute associated to the University of Derpt

Lamansky V.I., (1833-1914), Slavicist

LAMANSKY Vladimir Ivanovich (1833 - 1914, St. Petersburg), historian, philologist, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900). Graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of the University of St

Lappo-Danilevsky A.S., (1863-1919), historian

LAPPO-DANILEVSKY Alexander Sergeevich (1863-1919, Petrograd), historian, archaeograph, sociologist, Fellow of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1899). Came to St. Petersburg in 1882

Lebedev S.V., (1874-1934), chemist

LEBEDEV Sergey Vasilievich (1874-1934), chemist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932). Graduated from the Department of Natural Science of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of St. Petersburg in 1900

Lenz E.H., (1804-1865), physicist

LENZ Emily Hristianovich (1804-1865), physicist, electrical engineer, Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1828). Studied at the University of Derpt from 1820 to 1823. In 1823-25, was a part of O.E. Kotzebue's circumnavigation

Leontyev V.V., (1906-1999), economist

LEONTYEV Vasily Vasilievich (1906-1999) (also known as Wassily Leontief), economist, PhD in Economics (1928), Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1988), Honorary Doctor of the State Leningrad University (1990). Brought to St

Lepekhin I.I., (1740-1802), traveller, naturalist

LEPEKHIN Ivan Ivanovich (1740 - 1802, St. Petersburg), naturalist, traveller, Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1768). Studies at the Academic University (1760-62), continuing on at the University of Strasbourg (1762-67)

Levinson-Lessing F.Y., (1861-1939), geologist

LEVINSON-LESSING Franz Yulievich (1861-1939), petrographer, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925). Graduated from the Faculty of Physics Mathematical of the University of St

Likhachev D.S., (1906-1999), literary historian

LIKHACHEV Dmitry Sergeevich (1906 - 1999, St. Petersburg), philologist and cultural historian, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970), Hero of Socialist Labor (1986), Honorary Citizen of St

Likhachev N.P., (1862-1936), historian

LIKHACHEV Nikolay Petrovich (1862-1936, Leningrad), historian, archivist, art historian, bibliography expert, collector, specialist in historical studies, Associate of the St

Lines of Vasilievsky Island (entry)

LINES Of VASILIEVSKY ISLAND, the historical name of a number of parallel streets that intersect Vasilievsky Island from the south to the north: First to Twenty-Ninth Lines, Birzhevaya Line, Kozhevennaya Line, Kosaya Line, Mendeleevskaya Line

Linnik V.P., (1889-1984), mathematician

LINNIK Vladimir Pavlovich (1889-1984, Leningrad), physicist, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of Kiev

Linnik Y.V. (1914/15-1972), physicist

LINNIK Yury Vladimirovich (1915-72, Leningrad), mathematician, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964), Hero of Socialist Labour (1969). The son of V.P. Linnik

Litke F.P. (1797-1882), navigator and geographer

LITKE Fedor Petrovich (1797 - 1882, St. Petersburg), Count (1866), navigator and geographer, explorer of the Arctic, Admiral (1855), Associate Member (1829), Honorary Fellow (1855) and eventually President (1864) of the St

Lomonosov M.V. (1711-1765), scientist, poet

LOMONOSOV Mikhail Vasilievich (1711-1765), scientist, poet, enlightener. He came from a prosperous family based by the White Sea. In 1731-35 he studied in Moscow, from 1736 in the Academic University of St

Lunacharsky A.V. (1875-1933), revolutionary, statesman

LUNACHARSKY Anatoly Vasilievich (1875-1933), Soviet statesman and party figure, playwright, literary critic, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1930)

Lyapunov A.M., (1857-1918), mathematician

LYAPUNOV Alexander Mikhailovich (1857-1918), mathematician and mechanic, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1901). Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of St

Makhaev M.I., (1718-1770), Artist

MAKHAEV Mikhail Ivanovich (1718-1770, St. Petersburg) was a graphic artist and engraver. He studied at the Admiralty School in 1729-31 and at the instrumental workshop of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1731 to 1734

Markov A.A., (1856-1922), mathematician

MARKOV Andrey Andreevich (1856-1922, Petrograd), mathematician, member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1886). Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of St. Petersburg in 1878

Marr N.Y., (1864/65-1934), orientalist, linguist

MARR Nikolay Yakovlevich (1864-1934), orientalist and linguist, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909), Russian Academy of Science (1917), and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925; Vice-President from 1930)

Maslov S. Y. (1939-1982), human rights activist

MASLOV Sergey Yurievich (1939, Leningrad - 1982) was a human rights activist, Ph.D. in Mathematics (1972). On graduating from the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of Leningrad State University (1961) he worked in the Leningrad Department of the

Maykov A.N. (1821-1897), poet

MAYKOV Apollon Nikolaevich (1821 - 1897, St. Petersburg), poet, prose writer, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1853), privy counsellor (1888). Lived in St. Petersburg from 1833

Mechnikov I.I., (1845-1916), physiologist

MECHNIKOV Ilya Ilyich (1845-1916), embryologist, microbiologist and pathologist, Associate (1902) and Honourary Doctor (1883) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Science. Graduated from the University of Kharkov in 1864

Melnikov P.P. (1804-1880), engineer

MELNIKOV Pavel Petrovich (1804-1880, Luban, St. Petersburg province), engineer, statesman, Engineer-General (1869), Honoured Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1858)

Mendeleev D.I., (1834-1907), chemist

MENDELEEV Dmitry Ivanovich (1834-1907, St. Petersburg), chemist, teacher and public figure, Associate of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1876). Graduated from the Main Pedagogical Institute of St. Petersburg in 1855

Milutin D.A., (1816-1912), Field-Marshal General, statesman

MILUTIN Dmitry Alexeevich (1816-1912), count (from 1878), statesman and military leader, historian and author of memoirs, Field Marshal General (1898), Adjutant General (1859), Honorary Fellow of the St

Ministry of Public Education

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION, central public institution, in charge of the Russian Empire's educational and academic institutions (excepting military, naval and theological institutions)

Modzalevsky B.L., (1874-1928), literary historian

MODZALEVSKY Boris Lvovich (1874-1928, Leningrad), literary historian, archivist, Associate of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1918). Lived in St. Petersburg from 1884. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of the University of St. Petersburg in 1898

Mordvinov N.S. (1754-1845), Admiral, statesman

MORDVINOV Nikolay Semenovich (1754-1845, St. Petersburg), statesman and military figure, economist, admiral (1797), honorary member of Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826) and Russian Academy (1818). The son of S.I

Morozov N.A. (1854-1946), revolutionary, chemist, astronomer

MOROZOV Nikolay Alexandrovich (1854-1946), revolutionary-narodnik, writer, scientist, author of memoirs, honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932)

Muller G. F., (1705-83), Ethnographer, Historian

MULLER Gerard Friedrich (1705-1783), historian, ethnographer, professor, Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1730), State Counsellor (1783). Native of Germany

Nartov A.K. (1693 -1756), mechanic

NARTOV Andrey Konstantinovich (1693-1756, St. Petersburg), mechanic. Worked at the Moscow Mint for the artillery department. In 1712, he settled in St. Petersburg, becoming Tsar Peter the Great's private lathe operator

Nikitenko А.V. (1804-1877),critic

NIKITENKO Alexander Vasilievich (1804-1877, Pavlovsk), literary critic, literature historian, academic member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1855), privy councilor (1865). Permanently resident in St

Nikolay Mikhailovich (1859-1919), Grand Prince

NIKOLAY MIKHAILOVICH (1859, Tsarskoe Selo - 1919, Petrograd), Grand Prince, general of infantry (1913), adjutant general (1903), honorary member of Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898)

Oldenburg S.F., (1863-1934), orientalist

Oldenburg Sergey Fedorovich (1863-1934, Leningrad), orientalist and scientific organiser, public figure, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (from 1900). He moved to St. Petersburg in 1881

Olderogge D.A., (1903-1987), ethnographer

OLDEROGGE Dmitry Alexeevich (1903-1987, Leningrad), ethnographer, Associate of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1960). He was brought to St. Petersburg in the age of three

Olenin A.N., (1763/64-1843), Historian, Artist, Statesman

OLENIN Alexey Nikolaevich (1763 or 1764-1843, St. Petersburg) statesman, archaeologist, philologist, graphic artist, member of the Russian Academy (1786), honorary member of the Academy of Arts (1804), president of the Academy of Arts (1817-43)

Orbeli I.A., (1887-1961), orientalist

ORBELI Iosif Abgarovich (1887-1961, Leningrad), orientalist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935), member and the first president of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1943). Brother of L.A. Orbeli

Orbeli L.A., (1882-1958), physiologist

ORBELI Leon (Levon) Abgarovich (1882-1958), physiologist, member (1935) and vice-president (1942-46) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, member of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1943)

Orlov Family

ORLOV FAMILY, nobles, counts and princes, known since the 17th century. Brothers Grigory, Vladimir, Alexey and Fedor Orlov took an active part in the take-over of 28 June 1762

Ossovsky А.V., (1871-1957), music theorist

OSSOVSKY Alexander Vyacheslavovich (1871-1957, Leningrad), music theorist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), Honoured Worker of Arts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1938)

Ostrogradsky M.V., (1801-1861), mathematician

OSTROGRADSKY Mikhail Vasilevich (1801-1861), mathematician and mechanic, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1828). He graduated from the University of Kharkov in 1820 and settled in St. Petersburg eight years later

Palestinian Society

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Pallady (Raev) (1827-1898), Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and Ladoga in 1892-1898

PALLADY (born Pavel Ivanovich Raev-Pisarev) (1827-1898, St. Petersburg), religious figure, Honorary Member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1894). After graduating from Kazan Theological Academy (1852)

Pallas P.S., (1741-1811), naturalist

PALLAS Peter Simon (1741-1811), naturalist and traveller, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1767). A native of Germany, he did his studies in Germany, Great Britain and Holland. From 1768 to 1774, he headed the expedition of the St

Palmov I.S. (1855-1920), church historian

PALMOV Ivan Savvich (1855-1920, Petrograd), church historian, specialist in Slavic history, Doctor of Church History (1904), a member of Russian Academy of Sciences (1916; corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1913)

Panchenko А.М. (1937-2002), literature historian

PACNHENKO Alexander Mikhailovich (1937, Leningrad - 2002, St. Petersburg), historian specialised in Russian literature and culture, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1991, Professor in 1980. A member of the Union of Writers from 1980

Pavlov I.P., (1849-1936), physiologist

PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936, Leningrad), physiologist, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1907), Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925). He came to St

Pavsky G.P. (1787-1863), Archpriest

PAVSKY Gerasim Petrovich (1787, Churchyard of Pava of St. Petersburg province - 1863, St. Petersburg), archpriest, philologist and church historian, Doctor of Theology (1821), member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1858)

Peredery G. P. (1871-1953), engineer

PEREDERY, Grigory Petrovich (1871-1953), engineer, bridge construction expert, associate academy member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943; corresponding member from 1939), director general of communications and construction of the first rank

Peter I the Great (1672 - 1725), the Tsar (from 1682), the Emperor (from 1721).

Peter I the Great (1672–1725, SPb), the Tsar (from 1682), the Emperor (from 1721). He was a son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the second marriage (to N. К. Naryshkina)

Petrov N. N., (1876 - 1964), physician

PETROV Nikolay Nikolaevich (1876, St. Petersburg - 1964, Leningrad), physician, one of the founders of oncology in Russia, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939)

Piotrovsky B.B., (1908-1990), archaeologist

PIOTROVSKY Boris Borisovich (1908, St. Petersburg - 1990, Leningrad), orientalist, archaeologist, museum worker, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970), honoured worker of arts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1964)

Pirogov N. I., (1810-1881), surgeon

PIROGOV Nikolay Ivanovich (1810-1881), physician, teacher, public figure, Doctor of Medicine (1832), Corresponding Member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1847)

Platonov S.F., (1860-1933), historian

PLATONOV Sergey Fedorovich (1860-1933), historian, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920). He lived in St. Petersburg from 1869. Graduated from the faculty of history and philology of the University of St. Petersburg in 1882

Pletnev P. A. (1792-1865), poet, critic, publisher

PLETNEV Peter Alexandrovich (1791-1865), critic, poet, publisher, pedagogue, privy councillor (1856), member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841). In 1819 became a member of the Free Society for the Friends of the Russian Philology

Polovtsov А.А. (1832-1909) statesman, entrepreneur

POLOVTSOV Alexander Alexandrovich (1832, estate in Rapti Luzhsky Uyezd, St. Petersburg Province - 1909, same place), statesman, entrepreneur, patron of arts, Actual Privy Counsellor (1885), Secretary of State (1883)

Poselyanin (Pogozhev E.N.), (1870-1931) spiritual writer

Pogozhev (wrote under pen-name of Poselyanin) Evgeny Nikolaevich (1870-1931, Leningrad), church writer and journalist, Councilor of State (1913). In 1887-92 Poselyanin studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University

Presnyakov A.E., (1870-1929), historian

PRESNYAKOV Alexander Evgenievich (1870-1929, Leningrad), historian, collegiate member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920). He came to St. Petersburg in 1889 and entered the faculty of history and philology of the University of St

Printing Houses (entry)

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Przhevalsky N.M., (1839-1888), geographer

PRZHEVALSKY Nikolay Mikhailovich (1839-1888), geographer, major general (1886), member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1878), honorary citizen of St. Petersburg (1880). He graduated from the Academy of the General Staff in 1863

Pypin A.N., (1833-1904), literary historian

PYPIN Alexander Nikolaevich (1833-1904), specialist in study of literature, ethnographer, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898). He was a cousin of N.G. Chernyshevsky

Ravdonikas V.I. (1894-1976), archaeologist

RAVDONIKAS Vladislav Iosifovich (1894-1976, Leningrad), archaeologist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1946. He was interested in archaeology from the mid-1910s and dug in Tikhvinsky Uyezd (District)

Razumovsky Family

RAZUMOVSKY FAMILY, nobles and counts (from 1744) of Malorussian origin, known from the second half of the 17th century, rising to fame in the mid-18th century. Alexey Grigorievich Razumovsky (1709-71, St

Regel E. (1815-1892), landscape architect

REGEL Eduard-Avgust Ludwigovich (1814-1892), botanist, gardener, Associate Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1875). Graduated from the Gott Gymnasium (Germany) and from the University of Bonn

Richmann G.W., (1711-1753), physicist

RICHMANN George Wilhelm (1711-1753, St. Petersburg), physicist. Studied at the Academic University. Scientific assistant from 1740, promoted to a professor in 1741

Rovinsky D.A. (1824-1895), art historian

ROVINSKY Dmitry Alexandrovich (1824-1895), lawyer, archaeograph, art historian and collector, Associate (1881) and Honorary Fellow of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1883), Honorary Fellow of the Academy of Arts (1870)

Rozhdestvensky D.S., (1876-1940), physicist

ROZHDESTVENSKY Dmitry Sergeevich (1876, St. Petersburg - 1940, Leningrad), physicist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929). The husband of O.A. Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya. In 1900, he graduated from the University of St

Rumyantsev Family

RUMYANTSEV FAMILY, a noble family (from 1743 a family of Counts), known since the late 14th century. Those most closely associated with St. Petersburg include Peter Alexandrovich Rumyantsev (1725-1796), Count (1743) and Field Marshal General (1775)

Rykachev M.A., (1840/41-1919), meteorologist

RYKACHEV Mikhail Alexandrovich (1840-1919, Petrograd), meteorologist, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1896, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917), lieutenant general (1904)

Saint Petersburg Society of Artists

SAINT PETERSBURG SOCIETY OF ARTISTS, renamed into Petrograd Society of Artists in 1914. Founded in 1890 by artists working in the academic style, with full members such as A. D. Kivshenko, I. E. Krachkovsky, K. Y. Kryzhitsky, L. F. Lagorio, A. I

Saitov V. I., (1849-1938),bibliographer, literature historian, author of the Peterburgsky Nekropol j

SAITOV Vladimir Ivanovich (1849, St. Petersburg -1938, Leningrad), historian of Russian literature, bibliographer, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1906)

Schilling P.L., (1786-1837), physicist and orientalist

SCHILLING Pavel Lvovich (1786-1837, St. Petersburg), an electrical engineer and orientalist, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences in Oriental Literature and Antiquities from 1827

Sechenov I.M., (1829-1905), physiologist

SECHENOV Ivan Mikhailovich (1829-1905), physiologist, philosopher, founder of Russian physiological scientific school, Associate (1869) and honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1904). He came to St. Petersburg in 1843

Semenov N.N., (1896-1986), physicist

SEMENOV Nikolay Nikolaevich (1896-1986), physicist, one of the initiators of chemical physics, founder of a scientific school, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), Hero of Socialist Labour (1966, 1976)

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P., (1827-1914), geographer

SEMENOV-TYAN-SHANSKY (real name Semenov) Peter Petrovich (1827, St. Petersburg - 1914, Petrograd), geographer, statistician, public figure and statesman, honorary member of the St

Senkovsky О.I. (1800-1858),writer, orientalist

SENKOVSKY Osip Ivanovich (Jozef-Julian) (1800-1858, St. Petersburg), writer, journalist, orientalist, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1828). He graduated from the University of Vilno (1819). Permanently resided in St

Shakhmatov А.А., (1864-1920), philologist and historian

SHAKHMATOV Alexey Alexandrovich (1864-1920, Petrograd), philologist and historian, full member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1894. He graduated from Moscow University with a major in history and philology in 1887. Lived in St

Shcherba L.V., (1880-1944), linguist

SHCHERBA Lev Vladimirovich (1880, St. Petersburg - 1944), philologist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1943 and the Academy of Pedagogical Science of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1944

Shcherbatskoy F.I. (1866-1942), orientalist, Indianist, Tibetologist

SHCHERBATSKOY Fedor Ippolitovich (1866-1942), Scholar in Eastern Studies, Sanskritist, Indianist, Tibetologist, Buddhologist, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1918), Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925)

Sheremetev Family

SHEREMETEV FAMILY, noble family, known since the 14th century (in 1706, the senior branch of the family was conferred the title of Counts). Several family members are closely connected with St. Petersburg

Shishkov A.S. (1754-1841), man of letters, philologist, statesman

SHISHKOV Alexander Semenovich (1754-1841, St. Petersburg), a statesman, military leader, philologist, man of letters, Admiral (1824), Honorary Fellow of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1800)

Shishmarev V.F., (1875-1957), philologist

SHISHMAREV Vladimir Fedorovich (1875, St. Petersburg - 1957, Leningrad), philologist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1946. A. N. Veselovsky's student

Shokalsky Y.М., (1856-1940), geographer

SHOKALSKY Yuly Mikhailovich (1856, St. Petersburg - 1940, Leningrad), geographer, corresponding member and honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1923 and 1939, respectively, honoured worker of Science of Russia in 1928

Shrenk L.I., (1826-1894), ethnographer and geographer

SHRENK Leopold Ivanovich (1826-1894, St. Petersburg), geographer, ethnographer, zoologist, and explorer of Siberia and Far East, member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1865. He graduated from Derpt University in 1850

Smirnov V.I., (1887-1974), mathematician

SMIRNOV Vladimir Ivanovich (1887, St. Petersburg - 1974, Leningrad), mathematician, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), Hero of Socialist Labour (1967). He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of St

Somov A.I., (1830-1909), art historian

SOMOV Andrey Ivanovich (1830, St. Petersburg - 1909, ibid.), art historian, museum worker and collector. He graduated from Larin's gymnasia in St. Petersburg and the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (1854)

Speransky M.M. (1772-1839), statesman

SPERANSKY Mikhail Mikhailovich (1772-1839, St Petersburg), Count (1839), statesman, Actual Privy Counsellor (1827), Honorary Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1819), full member of the Russian Academy (1831)

Spit of Vasilievsky Island

SPIT OF VASILIEVSKY ISLAND, a cape in the eastern part of Vasilievsky Island, washed by the Bolshaya Neva and Malaya Neva rivers, the highest part of the island and one of the main architectural ensembles of St. Petersburg. Built to architect D

Sreznevsky I.I., (1812-1880), philologist

SREZNEVSKY Izmail Ivanovich (1812-1880, St. Petersburg), philologist, slavicist, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1849). He graduated from the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Kharkov in 1829. In 1847, he came to St

St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of RAS

ST. PETERSBURG SCIENTIFIC CENTRE OF RAS (SPSC) was founded in 1983, and until 1992 was called the Leningrad Scientific Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Stasov V.V., (1824-1906), critic, public figure

STASOV Vladimir Vasilievich (1824, St. Petersburg - 1906, St. Petersburg), art and music critic, arts historian, ethnographer, public figure, Honorary Member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900), son of V.P. Stasov

State Assembly

STATE ASSEMBLY was the highest advisory (from 1906, legislative) body in the Russian Empire. It was established by a Decree on 30 March 1801, and transformed on 1 January 1810

Steklov V.A., (1863/64-1926), mathematician

STEKLOV Vladimir Andreevich (1863-1926), mathematician, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1910), vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1919

Strakhov N. N. (1828-1896), critic

STRAKHOV Nikolay Nikolaevich (1828-1896, St. Petersburg), literary critic, philosopher, publicist, full councilor of State (1885), corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1889). Lived in St

Stroganov Family

STROGANOV FAMILY, barons (from 1722) and counts (from 1826; some branches had the title of Count from 1761); family originating from notable people of the second half of the 15th century. Several family members were closely associated with St

Struve P.B. (1870-1944), economist

STRUVE Peter Berngardovich (1870-1944), economist, sociologist, essayist, public figure and politician, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1917. He graduated from Petersburg University with a major in law in 1895

Struve V.V., (1889-1965), orientalist

STRUVE Vasily Vasilievich (1889, St. Petersburg - 1965, Leningrad), orientalist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935), honoured worker of science of the Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist Republic (1943)

Struve V.Y., (1793-1863), astronomer

STRUVE Vasily Yakovlevich (Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von) (1793-1864, St. Petersburg), astronomer and land-surveyor, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). A native from Germany, he graduated from the University of Derpt in 1810

Suchtelen P.K. (1751-1836), engineer

SUCHTELEN Peter Kornilovich (Jan Peter) (1751-1836), baron (1812), count (1822), military engineer, cartographer, diplomat, collector, engineer-general (1799), General Quartermaster (1801), honorary member of the St

Tarle E.V., (1874-1955), historian

TARLE Evgeny Viktorovich (1874-1955), historian, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927). He graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Kiev University in 1896. In 1901, he moved to St. Petersburg

Tolstoy A.K. (1817-1875), writer

TOLSTOY Alexey Konstantinovich (1817, St. Petersburg - 1875), count, writer, associate of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1873). He had been living in St. Petersburg intermittently from 1825

Tolstoy A.N. (1882-1945), writer

TOLSTOY Alexey Nikolaevich (1882-1945), count, writer, publicist, public figure, fellow of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939). He studied at еру St. Petersburg Technological Institute (1901-07, without receiving a degree)

Tolstoy I.I. (1858-1916), archaeologist, numismatist, vice-president of the Academy of Arts

TOLSTOY Ivan Ivanovich (1858, the town of Luga of St. Petersburg province -1916), count (1866), statesman and public figure, numismatist and archaeologist, Staff Master (1898), Honorary Fellow of the St

Tolstoy L.N. (1828-1910), writer

TOLSTOY Lev Nikolaevich (Leo Tolstoy) (1828-1910), Count, writer, associate (1873) and honorary member (1900) of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He first came to St

Travelling Art Exhibitions, Society for

TRAVELLING ART EXHIBITIONS, The Society for (TPHV), an artistic association. It was established in 1870 by St. Petersburg and Moscow artists N. N. Ge, I. N. Kramskoy, K. E. Makovsky, G. G. Myasoedov, V. G. Perov, I. M. Pryanishnikov, A. K

Trediakovsky V.K. (1703-1768), the Poet

TREDIAKOVSKY Vasily Kirillovich (1703-1768, St. Petersburg) poet, philologist. He graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1745). From 1723, he studied at the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow; from 1725

Treshnikov А.F. (1914-1991), geographer

TRESHNIKOV Alexey Fedorovich (1914-1991, St. Petersburg), geographer, oceanologist, polar explorer, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1981 and Hero of Socialist Labour in 1949. He graduated from Leningrad State University in 1939

Truten (The Drone), journal

TRUTEN (The Drone), a literary weekly, published by N. I. Novikov in 1769-70. The Тruten was a response to Catherine II's call in the Vsyakaya Vsyachina journal to establish Russian satiric journalism

Turaev B.A., (1868-1920), orientalist

TURAEV Boris Alexandrovich (1868-1920, Petrograd), orientalist, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1918). He came to St. Petersburg in 1886. He graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology at St

Turgenev I.S. (1818-1883), writer

TURGENEV Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883), writer, associate of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). In 1834 he transferred from the University of Moscow to the Philological Department of the Faculty of Philosophy of Petersburg University

Ukhtomsky A.A., (1875-1942), physiologist

UKHTOMSKY Alexis Alexeevich (1875-1942), physiologist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935). He graduated from Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy in 1898. In 1902, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he graduated from the University of St

Universitetskaya Embankment

UNIVERSITETSKAYA EMBANKMENT (prior the end of the 18th century, Kadetskaya Embankment, until 1887 - Bolshaya Neva River Embankment), is situated on the right bank of the Bolshaya Neva, between Birzhevaya Square and Sixth Line of Vasilievsky Island

Uvarov S.S. (1786-1855), statesman

UVAROV Sergey Semenovich (1786, St. Petersburg (?) - 1855), Count (1846), statesman, Full Privy Councilor (1838), senator, Member of State Assembly (1826), Fellow of the Russian Academy (1831). Educated at home

Vasileostrovsky District

VASILEOSTROVSKY DISTRICT is an administrative territorial unit of St. Petersburg. (Its territory administration is located at 55 Bolshoy Avenue of Vasilievsky Island) Its present-day borders were formed in 1917 (the western part was a separate

Vasilievsky Island

VASILIEVSKY ISLAND, the largest island in the estuary of the Neva 1,090 hectares in area. The island is washed by the Bolshaya Neva in the south and the Malaya Neva in the northeast

Vasilyevsky V.G. (1838-1899), historian

VASILYEVSKY Vasily Grigorievich (1838-99), historian, member of Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1890. He graduated from Petersburg University with a major in history and philology in 1860 and worked there as a teacher

Vavilov N.I., (1887-1943), biologist

VAVILOV Nikolay Ivanovich (1887-1943), geneticist, plant-breeder, science official, public figure, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929), Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1929)

Vavilov S.I., (1891-1951), physicist

VAVILOV Sergey Ivanovich (1891-1951), physicist, founder of the Soviet Scientific School of Optical Physics, Member (1932) and President (1945-51) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Brother of N I. Vavilov

Venediktov A.V.(1887-1959), lawyer

VENEDIKTOV Anatoly Vasilievich (1887-1959, Leningrad), lawyer, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958), honoured worker of science of the USSR (1942). Graduated from the Faculty of Economics of St

Vernadsky V.I., (1863-1945), chemist

VERNADSKY Vladimir Ivanovich (1863, St. Petersburg - 1945), chemist, mineralogist and crystallographer, Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1912), the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925)

Veselovsky A.N., (1838-1906), literature historian

VESELOVSKY Alexander Nikolaevich (1838-1906, St. Petersburg), literature historian, Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1880). Graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University (1858)

Vinogradov V.V. (1894/95-1969), linguist

VINOGRADOV Viktor Vladimirovich (1894/95-1969), philologist, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946), member of many foreign academies. In 1918, he concurrently graduated from the Institute of History and Philology and Archaeological

Vladimir Alexandrovich (1847-1909), Grand Prince

VLADIMIR ALEXANDROVICH (1847, St. Petersburg- 1909, St. Petersburg), Grand Prince, statesman and military officer, Infantry General (1880), Adjutant General (1872), member of the State Assembly (1872), senator (1868), honorary member of the St

VOEYKOV A.I., (1842-1916), climatologist, geographer

Voeykov Alexander Ivanovich (1842-1916), climatologist and geographer, founder of climatology in Russia, Corresponding Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1910)

Voluntary University, 1862

VOLUNTARY UNIVERSITY is the name for a series of lectures given in January-March 1862 at the City Duma and Peterschule. The courses were opened on chargeable basis after the closure of St

Voronin M. S. (1838-1903), public figure, entrepreneur

VORONIN Mikhail Stepanovich (1838, St. Petersburg 1903, St. Petersburg), botanist, public figure, entrepreneur, patron of arts, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898). He graduated from St

Vostokov A.H. (1781-1864), philologist

VOSTOKOV Alexander Hristoforovich (real name Ostenek Alexander Voldemar) (1781-1864, St. Petersburg), philologist, paleographer, poet, translator, Member of the Russian Academy (1820), corresponding member (1826) and since 1841 member of St

Vyazemsky P.A. (1792-1878), poet

VYAZEMSKY Peter Andreevich (1792-1878), duke, poet, literary critic, statesman, full member of the Russian Academy, member of Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841), member of the State Assembly (from 1866)

Vyshnegradsky I.A., (1831-1895), scientist technologist, businessman, statesman

VYSHNEGRADSKY Ivan Alexeevich (1831-95, St. Petersburg), statesman, scientist, businessman, Actual Privy Counsillor (1890), Honorary Member of Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1888)

Wiese V.Y., (1886-1954), oceanologist, explorer of the Arctic Zone

WIESE Vladimir Yulievich (1886, St. Petersburg - 1954), scientist, explorer of the Arctic Zone, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1933). Graduated from Gottingen University in 1910. In 1912-14, took part in G.Y

Willie Y. V., (1768-1854), baronet

WILLIE Yakov (James) Vasilievich (1768-1854, St. Petersburg) was a baronet (1819), organiser of military medical service, Doctor of Medicine(1794), court medic (1799), honourable member of St

Witte S.Y. (1849-1915), statesman

WITTE Sergey Yulievich (1849-1915, П.), count (1905), statesman, Actual Privy Counsellor (1899), Secretary of State (1896), Honorary Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1893)

Yanson Y.E. (1835-1893), statistician and economist

YANSON Yuly Eduardovich (1835-1893, St. Petersburg), statistician and economist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences from 1892. He graduated from Kiev University with a major in history and philology in 1855. Lived in St

Zhebelev S.A., (1867-1941), historian

ZHEBELEV Sergey Alexandrovich (1867, St. Petersburg - 1941, Leningrad), historian, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927). Graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Petersburg University in 1890

Zhirmunsky V.M., (1891-1971), philologist

ZHIRMUNSKY Viktor Maximovich (1891, St. Petersburg - 1971, Leningrad), philologist, Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966). Graduated from the Tenishev School in 1908 and the Faculty of History and Philology of Petersburg University in

Zhukovsky V.A. (1783-1852), poet

ZHUKOVSKY Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852), poet, translator, member of the Russian Academy (1818), member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841; honorary member from 1827), privy counsellor (1841)

Zinin N.N., (1812-1880), chemist

ZININ Nikolay Nikolaevich (1812-1880, St. Petersburg), organic chemist, Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1858). Graduated from Kazan University in 1833


































































































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